Diversity and Inclusion - 1999 Words

On November 25th, 1975, President Gerald Ford signed into law the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, or PL 94-142. This legislation guaranteed that all children with disabilities and their families would have certain rights with respect to education. PL 94-142 has 6 major components: a free and appropriate public education, students with disabilities will be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE), students will have an individual education program (IEP), the right of procedural due process, the right to nondiscriminatory assessment, and the right to parental participation (Gargiulo, 2012). A free and appropriate public education: This mandate requires that all children must be provided with a free public†¦show more content†¦An ITP must be added to the IEP by age 16. Autism and traumatic brain injuries were also named disabilities under the law. The reauthorization added services such as social work and counseling, as well as rehabilitation. Addit ionally, states could now be sued for violating IDEA (Gargiulo, 2012). PL 105-17 (1997): This reauthorization clarified IDEA further and made a few modifications to existing provisions. Schools were required to establish goals for academic achievement for students, and provisions for discipline and funding were added. Disabled/Special Education students who commit serious disciplinary infractions in the school (such as possessing weapons, drugs, etc.) may now be removed from the school for no more than 45 days following a due process hearing. Students who are expelled or suspended still maintain the right to a free and appropriate public education that meets the requirements of the student’s IEP. Students who commits less serious infractions can now be disciplined like their non-disabled peers, provided that the behavior displayed is found not to be a manifestation of disability. Educators could also now use developmental delays to describe children ages 3-9 who were in need of services. This revision also stated that the methods for initial evaluation and reevaluation need not just include standardized tests; portfolio reviews, parentalShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Inclusion Of Diversity1152 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity means understanding that individuals are unique or different in a particular way, leaning to accept and live with people with this differences. Interacting with people from different, religious beliefs, races, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, gender, physical abilities, political beliefs, or other ideologies, sexual orientation. Inclusion mean a state of being a part or identifying with a particular societal group. Diversity and inclusion on campus are very importantRead MoreDiversity And Inclusion For Diversity1920 Words   |  8 Pagessimplest terms diversity and inclusion can be explained by diversity being the mix and inclusion is getting the mix to work well together. In broader terms, diversi ty is anything that can be used to differentiate groups and people from one another. This can be anything from life experiences, learning styles, personality types to race, gender, sexual orientation or even county of origin. These differences can be used to achieve quality teaching, learning and support services. Inclusion is used to describeRead MoreDiversity and Inclusion1102 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity is a notion, when applied to the majority of circumstances, can create a positive conclusion. The trick to producing a positive outcome is often how the different aspects are brought together. Consider a classic dinner combination peas and carrots, the two colors look appealing and the two flavors comes together as one making a superb side dish. Now consider oil and water, these two substance are not often considered a good combination. Although, this is not always the case; olive oil andRead MoreInclusion and Diversity5182 Words   |  21 Pagesstart in life and with support to fulfil their potential (DCSF 2008b). The statutory guidance states: ‘Providers have a responsibility to ensure positive attitudes to diversity and difference – not only so that every child is included and not disadvantaged, but also so that they learn from the earliest age to value diversity in others and grow up making a positive contribution to society’ (DCSF 2008:9). Having such an understanding enabled me during my placement experience, to be particularlyRead MoreQuestions on Diversity and Inclusions926 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the dimensions of cultural diversity? There have been a variety of attempts to develop a concise definition or reliable classification of what is meant by cultural diversity for a number of decades. Although there is no universal system available for determining what cultural diversity is there are several reappearing characteristics that are used by many of the experts attempting to arrive at a recognized system (Fearon, 2003). The first generalized dimension used is the concept ofRead MoreDiversity And Inclusion Of An Organization1204 Words   |  5 Pagessurvey, 24 executives were asked way advancing diversity in their organizations was so important to them. The majority believe â€Å"it was a business imperative because their companies needed it to stay competitive, and they believed it was a moral imperative because of their companies needed of their personal experiences and values† (Broysberg Connolly, 2013). Steve Reinemund was the first senior leader at PepsiCo to focus on diversity and inclusion from a perspective of changing the entire cultureRead MoreEquality Diversity Inclusion1538 Words   |  7 Pagesunderrepresented and knowing what to do about it. Taking positive action to assist individuals where this is appropriate. Diversity Diversity means to have a variety of people from all minority groups represented in the community or setting. It is understanding and valuing the differences between the individuals and groups in the community and respecting their needs. Therefore, diversity is the ability to recognize how to relate to those who are different groups from our own. These include race, classRead MoreBenefits Of Diversity And Inclusion1657 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Diversity and inclusion are hot topics in today’s business world. While treating individuals fairly and equally is a social imperative, it is also extremely important to the success of a business. With the changing demographics of society and its affect on the American workforce, organizations must truly embrace diversity and inclusion. â€Å"For companies to succeed in the global marketplace, they must make the most of the full range of their people. Companies must attract and retain theRead MoreDiversity and Inclusion Paper1085 Words   |  5 PagesThinking About Diversity and Inclusion Paper SOC/315 December 15, 2010 Professor Dr. Lorthridge Introduction This paper will discuss and focus on the four dimensions of diversity: ethnicity, gender, differences in skills, abilities and personality traits and how they have an impact in my workplace. To be able to go further in this paper one should understand the definition of diversity. Diversity is a variety between people associated to factors such as culture, employment status, educationRead MoreImportance Of Diversity And Inclusion1793 Words   |  8 Pages Diversity and Inclusion Diversity and Inclusion is a field within Human Resources that focuses on ensuring the cultural sensitivity as well as the cultural inclusion within an organization (RBC, n.d.). More specifically, diversity is both including and respecting differences of ethnicity, gender, age, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, education, and religion (RBC, n.d.). As where Inclusion is the state of being valued, respected, and supported regardless of what diverse background

Essay ROME IN THE AUGUSTINIAN AGE - 1775 Words

30 BC ~ Octavian was given the title of Imperator, and was used in the Eastern provinces. Imperium suggests unlimited imperium (or power) (Antiquity 2 Interpreting The Past) This was the first of many titles that were to be given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Antony in 31 BC at the Battle of Actium. It indicates that the provinces thought Octavian was worthy of being honoured, and that the power he possessed at the time should remain. Therefore making it the first factor that led to the rise of Octavian. 28 BC ~ During the struggle between Octavian and Antony, both men had purged the Senate of men who they viewed as posing a threat to them and who might initiate a revolt. These men were often replaced with loyal supporters. In 28†¦show more content†¦Therefore, although Dio Cassius was writing approximately two centuries after the events, it would have been possible for him to have quoted direct speeches made by Octavian. Dio Cassius’ context also needs to be taken into account. He was a Senator, consul and proconsul himself, and was therefore, like most ancient Roman historians, an elite male, writing about an elite male, for other elite males. Octavian himself does not clearly state whether or not the transfer took place at one point, or over an extended period of time in a series of steps (as is the belief of some historians), â€Å"I transferred the republic from my power to the dominion of the Senate and people of Rome.† (Res Gestae Divi August) caution ne eds to be taken when assessing this source as it is Octavian’s own account of what happened, and so is obviously extremely biased, aiming to portray himself and his achievements as he wanted them to be remembered. Regardless of the time period the significance of Octavians actions are clear. He gave up his powers and returned absolute authority in the provinces as well as his control of the legions that were sanctioned there. (Antiquity 2 Interpreting The Past) This was significant as these legions had been the basis of his power. As Eck highlights in his The Age of Augustus Octavian theoretically gave up his authority, but in reality the Senate and people of Rome had little power as they lacked the ability to initiateShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther : A Father Of The Protestant Reformation1462 Words   |  6 PagesHans and Margaretta Luther. After the birth of Martin, Hans moved his family of ten to Mansfield, Germany, and began his own copper mining business where he b ecame quite prosperous. At the age of five, Martin began attending a local school where he learned to read and write as well as the Latin language. At the age of thirteen, Martin began attending a school in Magdeburg, run by the Brethren of the Common Life (McKim 4). Martin Luther found a great deal of interest in the monastic life; however, hisRead More Martin Luther Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesLuther received a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the University of Erfurt, receiving a bachelors degree in 1502 and a masters degree in 1505 . He then intended to study law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his studies and his law plans, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt. The decision surprised his friends and appalled his father. Later in his life, LutherRead MoreThe Reformation in Germany1299 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 10th, 1843, in Eisleben, Germany. At the age of 18, in 1501, he enrolled into the University of Erfurt. During a terrible thunderstorm at Erfurt, he prayed to St. Anna and promised that, if he came out of the storm alive, he would become a monk. After surviving the storm however, Luther regretted this promise, but still joined a monastery in 1505, becoming an Augustinian friar. In 1510, he visited Rome on behalf of a number of Augustinian monasteries, and was disgusted by the corruption thatRead MoreBackground Information Of The Reformation And Definition961 Words   |  4 Pagescurrent publication of PBS.org, Martin Luther â€Å"plunged a knife into the heart of an empire that had ruled for a thousand years, and set in motion a train of revolution, war and conflict that would reshape Western civilization, and lift it out of the Dark Ages.† Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1563) was a Dutch born scholar who actively supported the Northern Renaissance philosophy of Christian Humanism. Christian Humanism â€Å"emphasized human dignity, beauty, and potential, and reacted against the religious authoritarianismRead MoreMartin Luthers Life and Teachings Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pageswas a Christian theologian and an Augustinian monk. He was born on November 10, 1483 to Hans and Margaretha Luder in Eisleben, Germany. The day after his birth he was baptised on the day of the St. Martin of Tours. Martin’s father wanted more for his youngest son so he did everything he could to get his son involved in the civil service and bring honor to their family. His father sent him to various schools in Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of seventeen, Martin entered theRead MoreThe Life and Work of Martin Luther Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, Martin Luther rattled the cages of the legalistic, heretical Roman Catholic authorities, and enabled the masses to encounter God in a more direct way from that point on. The New Westminster Dictionary of Spirituality describes him as, â€Å"â€Å"An Augustinian Eremite friar and theology professor at Wittenberg, who emerged as the principal guide and spokesman of the Protestant Reformation, giving his name to the strongest wing of that movement†¦ predominantly regarded as church leader, reformer and innovatorRead MorePolitics And City Of God : Issues And Medieval Political Thought Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesPolitics in Augustinian City of God: Issues in Medieval Political Thought By Okechukwu S. Amadi Department of Political Administrative Studies University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria E-mail: okechukwu.amadi@uniport.edu.ng Abstract In this paper we have attempted to show the significance of St. Augustine’s thought on the problems of politics as contained in his famous work The City of God. We established that his theoretical enterprise on politics and State based as it were on theRead MoreEssay on A Very Brief History of the Papacy1499 Words   |  6 Pagesapostles. The Roman Church was the first in the empire to be established by the Apostles. Since the 4th century the Roman Empire was being primed to receive the church as the highest power in its land. When the barbarians started their invasion on Rome the church had a very powerful leader at the time. Pope Gregory I was responsible for Rome’s finances, food, water supply, and policing. He put a new face to the Papacy. He established a new Liturgy of the church. Liturgy means a service to theRead MoreConstantine s Edict Of Milan854 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"hinges† of history. In 313 CE, Constantine passed the Edict of Milan. This edict declared the freedom of everyone in the Roman Empire to choose their own religion. He neither made polytheism illegal nor did he make Christianity the official religion of Rome. Instead, to placate both pagans and Christians, both were acceptable to be practiced. This edict also stated that the emperor was protected by the â€Å"highest divinity,† whether that was God, Jupiter or any other god in the Roman pantheon. ConstantineRead MoreA Look At Roman Imperial Portraiture1572 Words   |  7 PagesImperial Portraiture The Roman tradition of art, particularly architecture and sculpture is rooted in adopting styles of the past to convey a particular message. The combination of Greek and Etruscan styles, such as in the Temple of Portunus in Rome, ultimately culminate to reference a new meaning and style that is independently roman. Similarly to architecture, the first Roman Emperor, Augustus, chose to liken both is architecture, by using stone and the orders, and his portraiture back to the

MayBank Malaysia’s Largest Bank and Financial Group Free Essays

1. 0. INTRODUCTION 1. We will write a custom essay sample on MayBank: Malaysia’s Largest Bank and Financial Group or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. MAYBANK BERHAD BACKGROUND Maybank is a trade name for Malayan Banking Berhad. Maybank is well known as the largest bank and financial group in Malaysia, with significant banking operations in Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines. This bank also has large interests in Islamic banking throughout Maybank Islamic Berhad and insurance via its Etiqa subsidiary. As it moves into its six decade, Maybank Group already show it commitment and changes in order to become the financial service leader in Malaysia. From its incorporated on 13th May 1960, Maybank starting its operation on 12th September 1960 at Mansion House, High Street, Kuala Lumpur. At that time, Malayan economy was fully dependant on rubber and tin and Maybank take the chances to be the first wholly bank that owned finance company. It was known as Malayan Finance Corporation and later its change to Maybank Finance. Maybank opened its first overseas branch in Brunei on 28th November 1960 followed by South Bridge Road, Singapore in December 1960. On 12th December 1962, the Hong Kong branch was opened followed by a branch in London on 12th September 1962. Maybank also listed on Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange on February 17 at the same year. On September 1973, Maybank step forward and sets up its investment banking arm known as Aseambanker and was already rename as Maybank Investment Bank in 2009. In 1974, Maybank introduced the Rural Credit Scheme which purposed its services to rural sectors and also to fulfil the government’s objective which want to balance the economic among populance. As the time passed by, Maybank upgraded its services and come out with the first mobile bus banking services in Johor in 1976 which provided financial services to rural communities. Maybank also introduced Mayban Phoenix Assurance Berhad in 1977 with the bank hold 70 % equity and the remaining 30% is held by British Phoenix assurance and changed its name to Mayban Assurance. In 1978, Maybank become the first Malaysian bank that computerized all the saving and other current account services. Maybank launched its first credit card called Maybank Visa Card in year 1980. Then, around 1983, the foundation stone of Menara Maybank or known as Maybank Headquarter was lay by Malaysian fourth Prime Minister, Tun Dr Mahathir Bin Mohamed. Maybank also step forward by opened Balai Seni Maybank and Maybank Numismatic Museum that officially launched by Tan Sri Dato Jaafar Hussein, Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia. An offshore bank in Labuan International Financial Centre was set up by Maybank to prove their establishment in this sector. After that, in 1992, Maybank formed Maybank Securities. This situation clearly show that Maybank always improving their standard year by year by introducing new services and products. Then,in year 1996, Maybank sell Kwong Yik Bank to Rashid Hussain Berhad Maybank also become the first bank that offer the convenience of ticket less travel for domestic flights on MAS through MASET (MAS Electronic Ticketing) in 1997. Maybank also upgraded its services by introducing Internet Banking services or known as Maybank2u. com that help their customer to use Maybank services at any time and places. In year 2001, Maybank then merged with Pacific Bank Berhad and Phileo Allied Bank berhad which well known as foreign banks. At the same year, Maybank also introduces Dataran Maybank which consists of head office of Mayban Finance, Maybank General Assurance, Mayban Fortis Holding, Mayban Life Assurance, Maybank Securities and last but not least is Maybank Futures. In year 2004, Mayban Finance vested all their entire operation and business into Maybank. Around 2008, Maybank was starting to establish its Islamic Banking Subsidiary known as Maybank Islamic Berhad. Besides that, Maybank also completed the acquisition of 15% in An Binh Bank (Vietnam), 20% of Muslim Commercial Bank of Pakistan and 97. 5% of Bank International Indonesia (BII). In addition, Maybank won for the second year Malaysia’s Most Valuable Brand (worth RM9. 3 billion), and Deal of the Year – Insolvency Restructuring Deal of the Year at the 2008 ALB SE Asia Law Awards. Maybank was founded by Malaysian business tycoon Khoo Teck Puat, who died in 2004. The company was led by President and CEO Amirsham Abdul Aziz for some two decades until March 2008 after which he was appointed Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department in-charge of the Economic Planning Unit, a post he held until April 2009. Dato’ Sri Abdul Wahid Omar was officially appointed as President and CEO of Maybank Group in May 2008. As of June 30, 2010, Maybank boasting group assets worth RM337 billion (US$106 billion), placing it among the top 120 banks worldwide. Malayan Banking is also a listed corporation on Bursa Malaysia. Maybank is well known as the largest bank in Malaysia with 384 domestic branches and 190 international branches and offices. Maybank is largest listed companies on the Malaysian Stock Exchange, Bursa Malaysia, with a market capitalization of over RM54 billion (USD22 billion) as of end-March 2011. In addition, Maybank was ranked at 458th in the Forbes Global 2000 Leading Companies with market cap of USD 20. 8 billion in year 2011. 1. 2. MAYBANK OPERATION Maybank operates consumer banking, business and corporate banking as well as private banking services, through a network of 384 branch offices and more than 2,800 automated teller machines in Malaysia. The company operates 22 branches throughout Singapore providing a full range of banking and financial products and services. Maybank, throu gh Maybank Philippines Incorporated, has 50 branches in the Philippines and also has a banking presence in most of the other Southeast Asian markets, including Brunei, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam. The bank also operates branches in New York, London, Hong Kong and Bahrain. Beside its commercial banking network, Maybank operates a number of specialized subsidiaries in the insurance, investment banking and assets management, and finance sectors. The group’s subsidiaries include Etiqa Insurance Takaful which provides both conventional and Shariah compliant insurance products, and Maybank Investment Bank which is the Group’s investment banking division following the acquisition of Maybank Discount and Maybank Securities. Maybank was the first Malaysian bank granted the right to establish a branch office in China. How to cite MayBank: Malaysia’s Largest Bank and Financial Group, Essay examples

Fdrs War Message free essay sample

In his address to Congress, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) speaks urgently and fluently about our need to act, or more specifically, our need to declare war on Japan. Roosevelt begins by complementing his audience and speaking very straight forward about what had happened. Utilizing some effective connotations, Roosevelt states, â€Å"the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Notice, â€Å"suddenly†, â€Å"deliberately† and â€Å"Empire didn’t necessarily need to be in that statement. These uses of connotation can also be seen as a means of expressing pathos, as to set the audience up and appeal to their emotions. Further in the article, FDR brings back the idea of a victimized America, this time further emphasizing it. â€Å"The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused sever damage to American naval and military forces†, FDR explains. He does his best to stress how much of a victim we have become, again developing pathos. We will write a custom essay sample on Fdrs War Message or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page FDR then goes on to use some repetition as an appeal. â€Å"Last night Japanese forces attacked†¦Last night Japanese forces attacked†¦Last night Japanese forces attacked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This repetition is obviously used as another rhetorical strategy meant to again appeal to emotion; it is at this point that FDR shifts to a more logical appeal. Explaining Japan’s unjust actions, FDR divulges, â€Å"Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. † Continuing, â€Å"The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. † Using a sort of a common sense approach, FDR logically explains that it is only logical that we view Japan as an enemy, or furthermore, that we should declare war.

The Interest of An Audience Essay Example For Students

The Interest of An Audience Essay Examine Priestlys Stagecraft In Act 1 of An Inspector Calls. How does he use dramatic Techniques To Engage The Interest of An Audience.  In An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley tries to get the point of socialism across; this is the view that we are all responsible for each other. He uses the harshness of the inspector to get his views across, eventually making the Birlings realise that we all have a duty of care towards other people no matter what age. During Act 1 we get the feeling that things arent as they should be. For example, the situation between Sheila and Gerald is not at all what it seems. Gerald says that he has been away for the summer on business, but Sheila suspects that maybe it wasnt all business as the stage directions state that she speaks in a half serious, half playful tone. Furthermore, when Sheila is presented with the engagement ring she responds with is it the one you wanted me to have, suggesting that Gerald has complete control within the relationship. We will write a custom essay on The Interest of An Audience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Throughout Act 1 Priestley uses dramatic irony to convey Mr. Birlings arrogance and complacency because within his speeches he mentions that the Titanic is absolutely unsinkable and he also mentions that by 1940 the world will have forgotten all these silly little war scares. These are especially ironic as the Titanic did sink and just two years after that the First World War started lasting for four years and killing millions. Another use of dramatic irony occurs when Mr Birling mentions 1940, which is during a Second World War, so the total opposite of what he says will happen. Mr. Birling also relates to how the Capital versus Labour agitations will be a thing of the past. This shows even more ignorance as in 1936 the total reverse happened as the Great Depression occurred. This makes the audience feel that Mr. Birling is ignorant, complacent and maybe even an idiot. From the start of Act 1 we get a feel for Mr. Birlings character and the way Priestley writes about the other characters lets the audience form their own opinion about them, but by the end of the play the audiences views of most characters will have changed, backing up the view that you should never judge people by appearances alone. The Birlings seem to be a good, honest family but as we learn throughout they are far from that. This creates tension as the audience wonder what other actions the Birlings could have done to contribute towards Eva Smiths suicide. For example, during the stage directions at the start of act one we get a sign that things are not as they should be when it mentions that the lighting should be pink and intimate until the inspector arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder. This suggests that to start with the lighting expresses the situation that everything is all right and intimate, but when the inspector arrives the lighting becomes harder symbolising the actions the Birlings have done to contribute towards Eva Smiths death. From the moment the Inspector arrives he takes control of the characters. His answers are short and he makes no attempt to develop a conversation that does not involve the inquiry he is conducting. Additionally, he never conducts two lines of inquiry simultaneously, breaking down each member of the Birling household individually because one person and one line of inquiry at a time. Otherwise theres a muddle. This is shown when he presents the photograph to each of the family members in turn. For example, when he shows the photograph of the girl to Mr. Birling, Eric and Gerald both try to get a glimpse of the photgraph but the Inspector interposes himself between the two, continuing his desire for one line of inquiry at a time. This creates suspense and tension because whilst he deals with one member of the Birling household the audience can suspect and imagine what the other members of the family have done to contribute towards Eva Smiths suicide.

Farm Standard Council Case Cost Allocation

Farm Standard Council Case Cost Allocation Introduction Fixed/variable cost thinking has no place in today’s cost accounting world; those are words of Hervey (2010, p.1) an all time accounting specialist. This observation is as result of many limitations that accountants and managers have experienced in the past years in their efforts to differentiate between fixed and variable costs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Farm Standard Council Case: Cost Allocation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some costs cannot be classified as either fixed or variable costs and yet they have to be allocated somewhere in the process of allocating costs to different cost centers. Traditional costing is also expensive compared to other methods (Alabbadi Areiqat, 2010, p.239). The inadequacies in this traditional cost approach have led to development of other methods that can allocate costs appropriately to their respective cost centers. One of these methods is activity-ba sed costing (ABC) that allocates costs to different centers based on the activities that have resulted to these costs. This paper will use Farm Standard Council case to look at the differences between traditional cost allocation and activity-based cost allocation. Activity-Based Costing In the case of Farm Standard Council, activity based costing is used rather under traditional cost accounting in identifying different cost centers in the cost pool and also in the cost allocation. ABC approach is based on activity and not volume (Bengu, 2010, p.213). Cost centers include equipment, general farm, maintenance and shop among others. Cost centers are classified into support center, services center, production center, marketing and profit centers. Costs are allocated to different production activities such as production, harvesting, processing and storage. These costs are then divided by the quantities of crops produced at the end of the season in order to calculate the amount of profit produced per hectare of land.  If the Farm Council used another approach such as traditional cost accounting, it would not be easy for the management to allocate costs to different cost centers and hence calculating profitability of each crop would be a challenge. It would not have been easy for the management to allocate some costs that are neither fixed nor variable. Costs such as maintenance and shop could not be fairly allocated as either variable or fixed thus giving misleading information about profitability of each crop. This view is supported by Rezaie, Ostadi, and Torabi (2008), who claim that ABC is more reliable than traditional approach (p.1047).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Harvey (2010) posits, costs are no longer driven by volume but by the demands of customers (p.2). However, not all the costs are driven by customers since some like maintena nce are fixed. Thus, this case study provides a good example of how activity-based accounting can be employed in agricultural enterprises when allocating their costs. Alternative Solution The alternative solution is a more general cost accounting approach that may apply in many situations since the suggested solution (activity-based costing) was tailored to specifically fit the situation of Mary and John farms. The alternative approach provides a design that summarizes all the cost centers into three categories viz. support, production and profit centers (Farm Financial Standard Council, n.d, p.14). The advantage of the alternative solution is that it is simpler compared with the suggested solution. Accountants and managers can group similar costs in one centre to avoid complexity in their allocation. In the suggested solution, all the costs have to be accounted separately which involves a lot of work. Conclusion ABC approach is much better than traditional cost approach since all c osts can be fairly allocated to their respective cost centers. Suggested solution applies this approach in allocating cost in different activities. However, I would prefer alternative solution since it is more reliable and at the same time simple to use. References Alabbadi, H., Areiqat, A. (2010). The Systematic Relationship between the Activity Based Management (ABM) and the Activity Based Costing (ABC). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(2), 239-264. Bengu, H. (2010). The role of activity based budgeting on target costing practices. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics Administrative Sciences, 15(1), 213-233. Farm Financial Standard Council, (n.d). Managerial Accounting Case Studies. Case Study, No. 1, 1-14.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Farm Standard Council Case: Cost Allocation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Harvey, R. K. (2010).Throw Out Fixed and Va riable Cost Thinking- Bring In Activity-Based Costing to Business Decisions. White Paper, I, 1-6. Rezaie, K., Ostadi, B., Torabi, S. A. (2008). Activitybased costing in flexible manufacturing systems with a case study in a forging industry. International Journal of Production Research, 46 (4), 1047-1069.

Post-reading and study activities Research Paper

Post-reading and study activities - Research Paper Example This is an unfortunate situation, but it does happen. â€Å"Kids who struggle with reading dont need a dramatically or categorically different approach (Feldman)† what they need are dedicated teachers who are willing to spend more time with them and make reading interesting. Gone are the days when teachers stand before a class and read; while the students sit and look as if they are listening to boring sermon. Teachers need teaching aid and the ability to make reading fun. Reading is no longer an activity of turning the pages, and testing students in order to see if they know the words in the lesson. More time should be given to students who are â€Å"delinquent.† Of course, they will not appreciate the extra attention. However when they are grouped, and given an aid like the graphic organizer, they will begin to have fun. In this first activity, the Graphic Organizer will be used. Teacher will give students this work sheet after they have read and discussed the reading, explain to them what is meant by cause and effect (of course most of them have already used this), assume no one knows. Teacher may ask some cause and effect question by way of explanation. Students will work in groups of four or three. They will be given the work sheet and whether they want to use the book or memory, they should fill in the effect map as best they can. The objective of this activity is to help students to think logically. In this activity, students will answer question about the passage. The objective of this activity is to help students develop their comprehension skills, to use inference, and to express themselves in writing. Everywhere you hear it. On the streets, in churches in the media, sometimes even from teachers. People using â€Å"you know what I am saying?† It is even worse when their only adjective is a curse word. Students are no different, their vocabulary is limited and it is obvious

Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy and Aging Essay

Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy and Aging - Essay Example in 2001. The scientists state that while the reduction of concentration of somatotropin during aging is documented, there were several problems with previous researches as they did not exclude the various gonadotropic hormones that were also reduced with old age. The study was performed on two groups, a young group, consisting of 8 men and 8 women, and an aging group consisting of 11 women and 10 men. All the subjects had similar body mass indexes and blood samples were taken from each of the test subjects every 10 minutes for 24 hours. The results from the research showed a marked decrease of 32-56% of growth hormone concentration, each according to its sex. 81% of the young group secreted the highest amount of growth hormone during the night period, while 62% of the aging group secreted most of the growth hormone during the day period. The researchers reached the conclusion that there is a decrease in secretion of growth hormone as age increases for both sexes. The reduced concentr ation of growth hormone was, in turn seen as a lack of growth hormone releasing hormone. (Russel-Aulet et al.) Another research focuses on the problem of sarcopenia, which represents a syndrome that manifests itself as a decrease in skeletal muscle mass, as well as in muscle work output. As the natural process of aging involves degradation of skeletal proteins, sarcopenia is expected to appear in most of the elderly, but this condition can be aggravated by the lack of exercise, leading to more frequent physical injuries such as hip fractures. Aware of the low concentration of several hormones that affect protein anabolism in old age, amongst them the growth hormone, the scientists researched the coupled human growth hormone replacement therapy with resistance exercise, which is known to reduce the effects of sarcopenia, in people aged 60 and over. Although the research can be viewed as retrospective, as it presents the various experiments, as well as the results, performed by other researchers, a case-control trial was described that was performed by the authors of the paper. The study invol ved men from 62-75 years of age which were involved in a 16 week exercise program, consisting of modest to high-intensity training in the form of weight lifting exercises with a small repetition. It encompassed muscles from both the upper and lower extremities. One group was given a dose of 12-24 g/kg/d of growth hormone, while the other, control, group performed the same exercises, but was not given anything. The result from their research, as well as results from other researches, led the scientists to conclude that there is not much difference in muscle mass and strength between the control group and the group that received somatotropin. An increase in muscle mass was present, however, but not focused on the skeletal muscles. Furthermore, the scientists concluded that there were significant side effects from the use of somatotropin replacement therapy in aging people, further criticizing the use of somatotropin as a means to prevent sarcopenia. (Zachwieja, Yarasheski). Sarcopenia is but one of the many physiological

Culture and international marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Culture and international marketing - Essay Example Thus the key terms used within this essay will be defined, with others being defined as they are introduced in the discussion. Marketing has several definitions. Kotler and Armstrong (2010) provide a very simple definition of â€Å"managing profitable customer relationships† (p.28) and a more detailed one of â€Å"the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return† (p.29). Both put the focus on relationships rather than transactions, and consider the relationship as providing value for both companies and customers. Global marketing is defined as â€Å"the commitment of organisational resources to pursuing global market opportunities and responding to environmental threats in the global marketplace† (Keegan and Green, 2011, p.587). If marketing has several definitions, then so does culture, which has different meanings depending on the context within which the term is used. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2002) lists seven meanings for the word culture (p.575), two of which are relevant here. The first is culture as â€Å"a particular form, stage, or type of intellectual development or civilisation in a society; a society or group characterised by its distinctive customs, achievements, products, outlook, etc.†, the second as â€Å"the distinctive customs, achievements, products, outlook, etc., of a society or group; the way of life of a society or group†. When discussing culture within the context of marketing, the obvious one requiring consideration is national culture, especially as organisations now market their products internationally, even if only by having on online presence. However, other cultural implications for marketing arise from corporate cultures, sub-cultures and social representations of culture. Usunier and Lee (2009, p.8) identify ten sources of culture that affect individuals: Figure 1: Sources of Cultur e (Source: Usunier and Lee 2009 p.8) Mullins (2010, p.829) defines organisational culture as â€Å"the collection of traditional values, policies, beliefs and attitudes that constitute a pervasive context for everything we do and think in an organisation†. Johnson et al (2008, p.195) identify the idea of subcultures within organisations, that exist within the overall organisational culture, but have specific characteristics of their own. These can be based on functional, geographical or business structures, for example, where different approaches can be seen based on the discipline or location of the office or department. On this basis, the marketing department of an organisation will not only exhibit the organisational culture, but also the marketing â€Å"department† sub-culture and the marketing â€Å"profession† subculture. Thus there are three organisational cultures affecting the department that deals with global marketing. The primary focus of this analys is is the impact of national culture, however, consideration will also be given to the impact of organisational culture where that is relevant. National Cultures and Marketing One of the challenges for marketers when dealing with global marketing issues is that culture cannot be easily seen or identified. Children are brought up within the national culture, and absorb the national values without conscious awareness – they simply learn from, and imitate, their parents (Keegan and Green, 2011, p.141). any

Case study: Mental Retardation

Case study: Mental Retardation Introduction When you go out from your house today, try to observe the people around our environment, and we will found that not everyone cans physically function like us or at normal level. For instance, there are individual who blind, deaf are, and also who are not able to speak or move around. Generally, people refer them as physically disabled, so we will see this group of people having the special privilege such as in the shopping complexs parking space, special parking was prepared with the label disable. On another hand, there are people who cant mentally function at normal level like most of us. They might have not able to control their body movement, their intelligence, social interaction as well as language since the birth or early childhood. In this case, we are referring them as mental retardation. The American Association on Mental Retardation (2002) defined mental retardation as a particular state of functioning that begins in childhood and characterized by limitation in both intelligence and adaptive skills. According to National Information center for children and youth with disabilities (2002), we label a person with mental retardation when he or she has specific limitation in mental functioning and also in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself as well as social skills. All of this limitation will cost the children in their learning, such as slow in learning and development comparing to others typical child (National Information center for children and youth with disabilities, 2002). Mental retardation also reflects the fix between the capabilities of individuals and the structure and expectation of their environment (The American Association on Mental Retardation, 2002). In specific example, children with mental retardation may need longer time in le arning to speak, walk, and take care of their personal needs such as eating or dressing (National Information center for children and youth with disabilities, 2002). They are more likely to have problem learning in normal school (National Information center for children and youth with disabilities, 2002). They can learn, but probably needed a longer time or else there are something that they just cant learn (National Information center for children and youth with disabilities, 2002). Mental retardation is sub-average general intellectual functioning that related with concurrent impairments in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period (Southern association of institutional dentists, 2010). Mental retardation is an effectual theoretical intelligence, which is congenital or acquired early in life (Stefanovska, Nakova, Radojkova-nikolovska, Ristoska, 2010). Children with mental retardation have the low rate of understanding and limited domain of attention (Rezai yan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). The 34 Code of Federal Regulations 300.7(c)(6) of The United States Department of education defined mental retardation as significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a childs educational performance (Federal registration, 1999). The statistic showed that averagely, 3% of the general population will be suffered from mental retardation (Southern association of institutional dentists, 2010). Most people with mental retardation are diagnosed before or during first years of school (Southern association of institutional dentists, 2010). The prevalence provided by statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition text revision [DSM-IV-TR] (2000) mentioned that mental retardation has been predictable at roughly 1%. In term of gender, the ration for male to female is 1.5 to 1 (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). This shown that mental retardation affect more male. The misconception about how people perceive what is mental retardation also being pointing out. According to a case study from World Health Organisation (2006), a special education teacher who teaches the disable children is advised by the family and also neighbours to resign from her work when she is pregnant after 12 years of marriage. The reason given is that they want her to avoid contact with these types of children (means disable), concerning her unborn child will be like them. Acknowledged that this is superstitions, and with the support from her husband, she continues to help the children at the centre, and now her new born daughters intelligence is above average. Mental retardation is not something such as you having green eyes, bad heart, or you are born short or thin, it is also not medical disorder, nor a mental disorder (The American Association on Mental Retardation, 2002). Criteria Definition Referring to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR), published by American Psychiatric Association, there are three components of feature of mental retardation, which all of the component must be present to diagnose a patient with mental retardation (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). The three diagnostic criteria for Mental Retardation are as below: Criterion A. Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning: an IQ of approximately 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test (for infants, a clinical judgment of significantly sub-average intellectual functioning). Criterion B. Concurrent deficits or impairments in present adaptive functioning (i .e., the persons effectiveness in meeting the standards expected for his or her age by his or her cultural group) in at least two of the following areas: communication, self-care, home living, social / interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety. Criterion C. The onset is before age 18 years. In Criterion A, IQ or Intelligence quotient test had used to administer the general intellectual functioning of an individual. Intelligence is the general mental capability. It included the ability in reasoning, problem solving, abstract thinking, understanding complex ideas, quickly in learning, and also experience learning (American Association on Mental Retardation, 2002). The commonly IQ test such as the 3rd edition Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children; 4th Edition Stanford-Binet; and also Kaufman Assessment battery for children. All of this is an individually administered intelligence test. The cut-off score is IQ test scored 70 or sub-average intellectual functioning is IQ score of about 70 or below, which are two standards deviation below the mean. However, in some cases, although the individuals IQ score is below 70, he or she should not be diagnosed as mental retardation if there is no obvious disturbance in adaptive functioning. Adaptive functioning will be explained i n Criterion B. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR) (2000), some others factor that may result an individual score poorly should be taken into consideration. For example, some of the factors include the socio-cultural background of an individual; the problem with native language; as well as related communicative, motor and sensory handicaps (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). There is four degree of severity of mental retardation. The degree of severity is determined by the IQ scores. The summary of the retardation and IQ level are as below: Mild mental retardation IQ level 50-55 to approximately 70 Moderate retardation IQ level 35-40 to 50-55 Several mental retardation IQ level 20-25 to 35-40 Profound mental retardation IQ level below 20 or 25 (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000) About 85% of the mental retardation patient is fall under Mild Mental Retardation, which their IQ level through IQ test is about 50-55 to approximately 70 (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). Normally, they cant be differentiating with normal children at the age of 0-5 years old. This is because; the social and communication skills are developing at the age of pre-school (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). At this stage, they have minimal disturbance in sensor motors areas (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). The characteristic representing this category is the role of Forest in the movie Forest Gump. In the movie, Forest ever said that I been an idiot since I was born. My IQ is near 70, which qualifies me, so they say. (Smith, 2006). With the appropriate support, patient with mild mental retardation can live successfully. Forest, who always being classified as retarded used chocolate to contrasting portrait of his struggle until he become a football star in the college, Vietnam war hero, and a successful business man (Smith, 2006). . On patients with moderate mental retardation, we usually refer them as trainable (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). About 10% of the mental retarded patients fall under this category (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). They learn communication skills at the early childhood, so that they can benefit from vocational training. With moderate supervision, patient with moderate mental retardation can actually fulfill personal care. They are able to travel by them self in a familiar setting; however they cant progress beyond the 2nd grade level in the academic subject (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). In a supervised condition, patient can function well with the community around them. For patient with severe mental retardation, they are actually 3-4% of the mental retardation population (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). During pre-school period, they might learn a little or no communication skills. During the school period, they learn talking at secondary level, they can be teaches in self-care. In a closely supervise condition, they can function well in life if they do not involve in any handicap. Patient of mental retardation who falls under the profound mental retardation is 1-2% (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). Most of the patient has a neurological condition that result their mental retardation. Their motor development, self-care, and communication skills can be improve if there is a proper education being given to them. If a mentally retarded patient who cant be categories within this four degree of severity, they will be put under the category mental retardation, severity unspecified. In Criterion B, impairment in adaptive functioning is the focus. Impairment functioning is the effectiveness of a person coping with daily life events and also how well a person achieve the standard of self independence expected by their age group in a particular socio cultural back ground as well as community setting (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). Yet, there are various factors that might influence the adaptive functioning of a person with mental retardation. Some of the factors are education, motivation, a persons characteristic, social and vocational opportunities and the mental disorder and general medical conditions (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). The areas of adaptive functioning concerning is communication, self-care, home living, social social / interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety. A person can only be diagnose with mental retardation if he meet any 2 of the area concerning in criterion B. For example, at the age of 16 years old, a person could not speak and poorly performance in academic. In criterion C, age is the focus. The onset must be before 18 years old. Intervention Programme Intervention programme are to believe will help the children with mental retardation to cope better in their daily life as well as future life. Intervention program for the mentally retarded children usually take part by the government, non-governmental organisation, school and also psychologist or expert in the field. Although it was take part by many organisations, but we have to aware that the intervention program cost a large sum of money. Medical news today (2006) reported as in years 2000, money spend for patients with mental disorder is about 51 billion dollars. However, the intervention program is still necessary to provide the patient another part of life. One of the intervention programs for children with mental retarded is occupational therapy. In occupational therapy, thought about daily life functioning being discuss and share with the children (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). This therapy leads the children to perform the daily life task that the child would like to, or the task which is expected by the society or cultural back ground (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). The most important aims of occupational therapy are to lead the children to have meaningful and purposeful occupations through the intervention (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). Occupational therapy also focuses to help the child with mental retardation to develop fine motor control (Reynolds Dombeck, 2006).This fine motor skills is needed by the children with mental retardation to perform concentrated tasks (Reynolds Dombeck, 2006). Some of the concentrated tasks are like writing or drawing. All of this basic concentrated ta sk is important for self-help and academic skills in the later life of the children (Reynolds Dombeck, 2006). Researcher found that occupational intervention program had a positive feedback (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). Patient can carry out activities of daily living in a safe and efficient manner. (Kottorp, Hallgren, Bernspang, Fisher, 2003). In summary, Occupational therapy intervention program for children with mental retardation, aims to help the children to meaningful and purposeful activity. The activity include self-care, care for others, appreciate life and socially active in various situation. Mental retarded children who went through this therapy will able to use the skills learned in future. Another intervention program for children suggested by researcher is tooth-brushing intervention program. In a study done by Stefanovska, Nakova, Radojkova-nikolovska, Ristoska (2010), they designed a 6 month intervention program that focus on the encouragement of independent manual skills looking after personal oral hygiene.100 school children at the age of 9-16 with low and moderate mental retardation in Skopje. Althought tooth brushing seems to be very easy for us, but it actually is a voluntary activity that requires motivation and physical ability. In term of motivation, the children with mental retardation are require to understand what is needed and also the reason or benefits of tooth brushing; and also the desire to achieve the benefit (reducing the plaque). Yet, they found that children with mentally retarded are not capable in understanding the oral hygiene procedures but they accept the change (Stefanovska, Nakova, Radojkova-nikolovska, Ristoska 2010). According to the researcher, patient of mental retardation normally suffered from periodontal disease. The result of their study showed that this six month program was effective in reducing the plaque and gingivitis scores and the long term success of the program is to maintain the childrens motivation to brush their own teeth and make this part of their daily routine (Stefanovska, Nakova, Radojkova-nikolovska, Ristoska 2010). Calculated the long term benefit, tooth brushing is actually cost effective ways of reducing plaque, reducing the needs to see dental doctor and others. The mentally retarded children are able to brush their own tooth with proper encouragement and motivation. Besides that, Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah (2007) proposed that computer game as an intervention instrument focusing on the attention capacity of the mentally retarded children. In their experiment, 60 male mentally retarded children were recruited from two 24 hours care centers in Tehra. All of them had an IQ level between 50 and 70 with no physical disability. The result of their study indicated that intervention of computer games increased the attention span of the mentally retarded children (Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). Not only that, intervention of computer game also help in increasing the internal motivation and activity if the children (Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). The mentally retarded children was attracted by feature of the computer games such as competition, laugh, curiosity and others, and all of this helped in improving the ability to pay attention (Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). The children also learned problem solving skills through the games Rezaiy an, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). In order to complete the game, the children need to practice and keep repeating the same process, this had help the children in self understanding skills, while paying attention to an object or location will improve the nervous system process (Rezaiyan, Mohammadi Fallah, 2007). In summary, as we can see, the main function of the computer games is to help the children in understand and paying attention. The two benefits are actually interrelated to each others, to pay attention you need to understand, understanding help you in paying attention. The mentally retarded children need both of this skill. However, we should also consider the side effect of using computer. Special education is another intervention program for the children with mental retardation. In Malaysia, a Non-governmental organisation, Lions Club of Kota Bharu operates a Down syndrome centre to give pre-school education to the Down syndrome children ages there to six years (Dahari, 2009). Down syndrome cause by the non-disjunction of chromosome 21and is the leading genetic cause of mental retardation (Ghosh, Sinha, Chatterjee Nandagopal, 2009). After graduated from the canter, the Down syndrome children will be sending to the special classes in the government school. They adopt the Macquire Small step curriculum as teaching guide or you may called it as early intervention program. The term intervention is used to cover physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and special education help. There are several type of intervention provided such as home based, centre based, and nursery based. Parents with Down syndrome children might send their children to this centre for ea rly education. Mentally retarded children are educable (Demirel, 2010). Another intervention in term of education being done in Turkey, the curriculum for children with mental retardation was designed at primary school level, attending private class, focusing on improving the skills of understanding, showing positive social relations, adjusting to the social, technological and physical environment and surviving independently (Demirel, 2010). From two of this example, we can see that education actually help the mentally children to make their life better. As a psychologist, we should support all kind of effort in coming out with special education for the mentally retarded children. Education is one of the best intervention programs for the children. In conclusion, no one is this world choose to be born mentally retarded; mentally retarded is a give but not a choice. As a normal human, we should not discriminate them yet give them the best of what we can do. Intervention program had being proven able to help the children with mental retardation to have a batter life. Every one of us should play our roles in supporting all kind of intervention program. As a psychologist, we actually can do many things for them as there are within our area of study, we can contribute idea regarding their well fare, education and in others issues. They had born unlucky, why not we shown them another part of life?

Impressions of America :: History

Impressions of America I have been in this country for almost three months now. One of the biggest challenges is getting along peacefully with the native population. To Americans one of the most important things is to make sure that no one gets insulted or hurt and that everyone is heard. Some would go to the extent of not revealing their true opinion, in order to avoid confrontation. In some group discussion decisions, if reached at all, are made after making long, tedious conversation about the topic at hand. While there are some merits to this kind of behavior, other aspects of interpersonal aspects are lost, such as frankness and being open to one another. Sitting among other international students enhances these observations by listening to the so-called â€Å"outsiders† talk amongst themselves. On one occasion a fellow student tried to explain something to his friend from another foreign country that he had different opinions from him on a certain subject, talking and describing the matter and â€Å"beating around the bush† as they say, when all of a sudden the listener said,† Just say what you think – don’t be an American.† I was amazed that someone noticed or thought the same way I did. Being misunderstood is one of the most common feelings I’ve felt since arriving at J.F.K. Airport. People being insulted or puzzled next to me is a pretty common site and a thing I’ve gotten use to, maybe due to my cynicism or the lack of interest in what other people think about me, a thing that is inconceivable by most Americans that I have gotten to meet. Local manners â€Å"state† that if another person did not take a liking to what you said or did then you must take that into consideration and try to avoid saying or doing that again. This is something that is very polite and considerate but steels away our individuality and personality and at times takes away the ability to really know the person next to you in class or at work. The people I encountered here are diverse and intelligent and by majority, opened to new ideas and way of thought. One of the most frequent questions I am asked is, â€Å"Are you planning to stay here after school?† Or, â€Å"Do you like it here?† These are questions that show interest in me and my future but at times are also implying a certain fear or distrust of foreigners.

Explain Why It Is Important to Recognise Essay

All these things will affect the opportunities each child receives and the breadth of the experiences they receive. The sooner any changes are spotted in a child or young person the the more help and support can be given to them and these can be addresses and referred to suitable agencies or professionals with in the school team. Example 1 A child that has been playing or standing alone during playtime for a few days in a row may find their development may become affected. It can affected a child’s social and intellectual development. Socially the child wouldn’t be playing with other children their age and this can affect confidence and self esteem, this in turn may affect them intellectually as the child maybe unwilling to work with the same children within the classroom and start to segregate themselves from their peers, due to this the may not learn the same as their peers and their experiences may becoming limited , they may find themselves learning at a different pace. Example 2 A child who has a hearing impairment may find their language skills being undeveloped or they may be delayed. This may then have a knock on effect with the child’s/young person’s ability to interact and socialise with others of the same age. Early recognitions means the child can be referred to appropriate agencies and special needs teachers within the school to assist and work with the child and help identify their needs and put in place a plan of action. Example 3 Abuse of any nature can affect a child’s development, it is important to look for signs of abuse in children/young people and follow child protection guidelines in any suspected cases of abuse. A once bright and chatty child may become withdrawn and shy away from adult attention. The child maybe showing signs of aggressive behaviour and/or exhibiting signs of self harm. Abuse can affect a child from infancy through to adolescence and then into adulthood. It can set back a child’s physical development, such as a tense mealtime can affect the child’s ability to eat. It can hold backs a child’s mental development such as their intelligence and memory and put the child at greater risk of developing mental health problems. Abuse can also affect a child’s emotional development , they may lack the ability to feel and to express a full range of emotions appropriately and/or the ability to control their own emotions. Abuse can also put a child at greater risk of developing one or more behavioural problems such as:- learning difficulties problems with relationships and socialising rebellious behaviour aggressive and violent behaviour anti social behaviour and criminality self isolating behaviour (making people dislike you) negative impulsive behaviour (not caring what happens to you) Example 4 Children and young people may find themselves going through a parental divorce or be part of a single parent family or they may have become part of a step family. They may even be part of a large family with several siblings. These circumstances can affect a child’s development, they may find themselves lacking support from a parent(s), they may find themselves being bullied within the home by step siblings or even their own siblings, there maybe the lack of a positive role model or someone to look up to. Some children living within a step family may find themselves being singled out or pick on, there may be friction between the two families. All these factors can cause stress upon a child/young person, they may cause them to have low self esteem and no confidence therefore impacting on a child’s social and emotional development. Example 5 A child that has difficulty using fine motor skills may be affected greatly and it is important that it is recognised and is responded as early as possible

A Good Man is Hard to Find Summary

A Good Man is Hard to Find Summary A Good Man Is Hard to Find Summary NOTE! The below paper is just an example written by one of our staff writers. If you need an original summary of A Good Man is Hard to Find or a paper on a different topic, feel free to place your order. The short story of Flannery O’Connor, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† is arguably one of her best literary works. The story presents the passive view of the writer about the outcome of the life. Like many other works of the writer, this particular story also exhibits her deep religious insight and its application in her works effectively to emphasize on the place of religious thought in one’s way of life. The short story also projects OConnors masterly use of local color and the local dialect. The short story, hence, illustrates O’Connor’s excellent craft of characterization and evolving that character to extract a truth about life. A Good Man Is Hard to Find Summary A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor opens in the household with a discussion of planning a tour to Florida. The characters of the story are gradually introduced afterwards; the main one being the grandmother. She lives in the house with her son Bailey and his wife, along with their two children. The most hated character of the story, the Misfit gang, is introduced later. The grandmother reads about the escape of the heinous Misfit gang from the federal jail and about the impending danger that may arise from them. Hence, the Grandmother insists on going to Tennessee instead of Florida. The tour is decided to be towards Florida. The next day, on the way in the car, Grandmother thinks about an old plantation, a little past a place called Toomsboro. The detour taken after the Grandmother ignites the desire of the children by telling them a false story about a hidden gate will eventually meet the car with an accident. At this moment Misfit arrives at the place in a car and Grandmother recognizes them. This very recognition will consequently lead to the death of the whole family. A Good Man Is Hard to Find Themes A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor contains a wide number of themes to effectively convey the message of the moment to the readers of the work. As supported by Ryan et al. (85-109), themes in are recurrent concepts of a literary work. Through the identification of the themes of a story, the readers can easily get to the core of the writing and successfully critically evaluate the literary work. The most recurrent themes of O’Connor’s stories are death, loss and mortality. These themes are vividly dealt in most of her writings. Speaking about the themes in A Good Man Is Hard to Find story, death among these themes takes the primary place. Theme of Death in A Good Man Is Hard to Find The most effective theme of A Good Man Is Hard to Find by O’Connor which registers its presence in the minds of the readers is death. The most dangerous revelation of modern life is discovering a sudden violence in the hands of unknown assailants and facing the death hence. In the opinion of Jockers et al. (750-769), a notable aspect of Flannery O’Connor’s writings is the omnipotent demonstration of death throughout the life of her characters. From the very commencement of the short story, the theme of death in A Good Man Is Hard to Find has been dominating the minds and activities of the characters. Grandmother insisted on her son changing the tour to Tennessee from Florida, as the vicious gang of Misfit is likely to be present in that area. The theme of death compels grandmother to carry her cat in the tour hiding in the car. Many of Flannery O’Connor’s notable literary pieces either start or finish with death. This illustrates the mastery of the writer in using death as a recurrent theme of her writings. In the short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery O’Connor illustrates the deep truth of Christianity through the use of the theme of death. Grace is an important issue of Christian theology. The very name of the place where the party takes detour represents presence of the theme of death in the story. The team takes a detour from Toomsboro to reach to the place told by the grandmother, which is actually not there. The gang of Misfit represents death in a more vivid manner. The news published in the papers about their escape from a jail infuses fear in the mind of grandmother. The death theme in A Good Man Is Hard to Find has also been utilized by the narrator to show grace and misplacement of grace in the story. It is the very notion of death which brings grandmother to recognize Misfit as one of her children. The very fear of death forces the grandmother to pledge forgiveness from Misfit on the basis of her being a lady. It is the theme of death that helps the reader to understand the psychology of Misfit. Through the words of Misfit, the significance of the theme of death in A Good Man Is Hard to Find has been revealed. As indicated by Harris and Abbie (5-24), death is the most prized gift that life offers to the Christians. The words of Misfit, â€Å"No pleasure but meanness†, illustrate the depth of the theme of death in the psychology of the characters in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find. Towards the end, when Misfit kills grandmother, we again witness the presence of death and its significance in the short story. With this last death of the story, the conclusion of the story is drawn. It also signifies the convenient notion of all or nothing of Christianity. The death of grandmother intensifies this notion through receiving death in the hands of Misfit. Literary elements in A Good Man Is Hard to Find The presence of various literary elements in literary works makes the particular piece of literature rich and helps the author create the desired atmosphere which is needed to express the characters and their feelings. Various literary elements also assist an author in expressing a lot of things saying a very little one. The stories of Flannery O’Connor are generally full of such literary elements which make her works a delight to comprehend and an attractive piece for the critiques. Imagery in A Good Man Is Hard to Find Flannery O’Connor’s story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† demonstrates the use of imagery to its best. The recurrent themes of the story have been sensitively conveyed to the readers by using some appealing imageries in some crucial points of the story by the narrator. Throughout the story, the usage of the animal imagery has been considered to be significant by critics. The names of the animals like rabbit, cat, hippopotamus and snake have been used to construct the imageries in A Good Man Is Hard to Find. The touch of grandmother in the shoulder of Misfit has been described as â€Å"if a snake had bitten him.† The kerchief of the mother has been described as â€Å"rabbit’s ear.† The valise of grandmother has been represented in the story as â€Å"like the head of a hippopotamus.† As put by Desmond and John (129-137), several imageries used in A Good Man Is Hard to Find played a significant role in conveying the inner thought of the writer to the readers. The snake touch of grandmother reveals the perception of Misfit about grandmother. The valise, being described as the head of a hippopotamus, signifies to loads of unrelated past in the mind of grandmother. On the other hand, the animalistic character of the main characters of the A Good Man Is Hard to Find reveals as they do not bear the meaning or principles of their actions. For example, the father wears a shirt which shows a parrot. Like a parrot, the father is blank in terms of understanding the meanings of the ongoing. Conclusion The short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† illustrates the significance and usefulness of employing themes and imageries in a literary work and also unearths how these elements can be used to convey the core thoughts of a literary work to the readers. A Good Man Is Hard to Find short story is a successful attempt of the author to convey and mingle various elements of literature and the impact of aspects of religion in the life of the people at that time. Desmond, John. Flannery OConnors Misfit and the Mystery of Evil. Renascence 56.2 (2004): 129-137. Harris, Abbie C. Jesus Thrown Everything Off Balance: Grace and Redemption in Flannery OConnors A Good Man are Hard to Find. Papers Publications: Interdisciplinary Journal of Undergraduate Research 3.1 (2014): 5-24. Jockers, Matthew L., and David Mimno. Significant themes in 19th-century literature. Poetics 41.6 (2013): 750-769. Ryan, Gery W., and H. Russell Bernard. Techniques to identify themes. Field methods 15.1 (2003): 85-109.

The History of Jell-O

The History of Jell-O Jell-O: It’s now as American as apple pie. Once a twice-failed processed food made from a mash-up of animal parts, it managed to become a hit dessert and the go-to food for generations of sick children.   Who Invented Jell-O? in 1845, New York industrialist Peter Cooper patented a method for the manufacture of gelatin, a tasteless, odorless gelling agent made of out animal by-products. Cooper’s product failed to catch on, but in 1897, Pearle Wait, a carpenter turned cough syrup manufacturer in LeRoy, a town in upstate New York was experimenting with gelatin and concocted a fruit-flavored dessert. His wife, May David Wait, dubbed it Jell-O.   Woodward Buys Jell-O Wait lacked the funding to market and distribute his new product. In 1899 he sold it to Frank Woodward, a school dropout who by the age of 20 had his own business, Genesee Pure Food Company. Woodward bought the rights to Jell-O for $450 from Wait. Once again, sales lagged. Woodward, who sold a number of patent medicines, Raccoon Corn Plasters, and a roasted coffee substitute called Grain-O, grew impatient with the dessert. Sales were still slow, so Woodward offered to sell the rights to Jell-O ® to his plant superintendent for $35. However, before the final sale, Woodward’s intensive advertising efforts, which called for distribution of recipes and samples and paid off. By 1906, sales reached $1 million.   Making Jell-O a National Staple The company doubled down on marketing. They sent out nattily dressed salesmen to demonstrate Jell-O. The also distributed 15 million copies of a Jell-O recipe book containing celebrity favorites and illustrations by beloved American artists, including Maxfield Parrish and Norman Rockwell. The dessert’s popularity rose. Woodward’s Genesee Pure Food Company was renamed Jell-O Company in 1923. Two years later it later merged with Postum Cereal, and eventually, that company became the behemoth known as the General Foods Corporation, which is now called Kraft/General Foods. The gelatinous aspect of the food made it a popular choice among mothers when their children were suffering from diarrhea. In fact, doctors still recommend serving Jell-O water- that is, unhardened Jello-O- to children suffering from loose stools.

Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report - Research Paper Example But its first real passenger run was made on May 24th 1855, Queen Victoria's birthday, in itself significant of the period it represented. At the time, the transportation of merchandise was problematic, mostly because although explorers opened new ways throughout the land, the roads were built in a very rough way, with consequent increase in the time and cost of transportation, for both goods and people. This was, however, also the time in which railway expansion was being hailed as the best possible solution for fast and cost-effective transportation, a reliable alternative to those crudely made roads, something which held even more true in new territories such as Australia. Thoughts of a railway in New South Wales started as early as 1830s, but it was to take another 20 years for the dream to become a reality. The railway met with many problems, most conspicuously the cost of its making and the New South Wales Government had to take over in September 1855. The line opened officiall y on September 26th of that same year, although on that day another two engines run and not Locomotive 1. The line was then 14 miles long with five stops: Newtown, Ashfield, Burwood, Homebush and Parramatta. Over 3500 passengers were carried in that day, and the fact that they all dressed in their finest is witness to the importance of the event in the society of the time. With time lighter locomotives were designed for passenger transportation, while the heavier original ones remained in service for goods. By October 1859 the line had evolved to the point of having six trains per day during the week going to Paramatta, and the trip took 50 minutes to complete. Locomotive No. 1, the initiator of it all, run for 22 years of service and was withdrawn on March 15th 1877. Although it was at some point refitted with some parts from other engines, it is still the only surviving specimen of its kind. It seems also a kind of poetic justice that during its conservation process it was found t o include parts of locomotives 2, 3 and 4, as if in just he one engine all four of the original team somehow survived. The Victorian era was certainly concerned with progress and efficiency as witnessed by the Great Exhibition of 1851, showcasing the greatest inventions of the world at the time in the famous Crystal Palace. It was also the time for the Industrial Revolution and the consequent changes it brought socially. It is no wonder then, that in this Renaissance-like atmosphere the railway took such an important place in both industry and imagination alike, being a harbinger of power, speed, efficiency and comfort. Related designs: The first road steam engine was invented in 1801 by Robert Trevithick, a small vehicle that managed to take four men up the Camborne Hill in Cornwall. This was the beginning, with a newer and improved version he called the London Steam Carriage, which ran from Holborn to Paddington and back, a reproduction of the Puffing Devil but still uncomfortable for passengers and expensive to run. Here is a drawing of the London Steam Carriage: However, the locomotive's true ancestor can be said to be the Pen-y-Darren Locomotive, which became famous in 1804 for successfully pulling 10 tons of iron. This is a replica of Trevithick's railway locomotive hosted at the National Waterfront Museum in Swansea. Trevithick's 1804 locomotive, full-scale replica 1) 2) Motivations and effect of the design: Although the study of steam as a source of power goes back

Review of Strategies Undertaken by AIG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of Strategies Undertaken by AIG - Essay Example American International group which is a financial services company constitutes of different business units. These are AIG Bank, AIG Direct, SunAmerica financial group, Chartis insurance, United Guaranty Corporation and International Lease Finance Corporation. The main revenue of the company is from the Chartis insurance which is major name in the global insurance sector. SunAmerica financial group is the other which generates maximum revenue for the AIG group. From this statistics, it can be said that the company is mainly focusing on the life insurance, general insurance, wealth management, asset management programs. It can also be said statistics that the major percentage of revenue comes from the casualty and specialty line of business. In any type of industry, the companies should design and offer the product or services according to the customer needs. Financial services industry is a volatile industry. During the economic downturn, the companies generally don’t profit mu ch from the financial services. The reputation of the companies plays a big role in that situation. If the financial services companies provide the products according to the needs of the customers and build customer loyalty then they will have a competitive edge than their competitors. For having a good percentage of market shares as well as retaining the customers in the time of financial downturn a loyal customer base is necessary for the financial services company (The Economist, 2008, p.5-7).... During the economic downturn the companies generally don’t profit much from the financial services. The reputation of the companies plays a big role in that situation. If the financial services companies provide the products according to the needs of the customers and build customer loyalty then they will have a competitive edge than their competitors. For having a good percentage of market shares as well as retaining the customers in time of financial downturn a loyal customer base is necessary for the financial services company (The Economist, 2008, p.5-7). The services those are providing by the company should be customized. American General Life and Accident Insurance Company (AGLA), the middle market life insurance and accidental insurance division of SunAmerican financial group provides personal customer service to the small business owners and middle market segment by an effective field force consisting of the full time employees. Chartis is gaining revenue from the per sonal lines; casualty and speciality sector of insurance which means the company is also focused on the personalized services to the customers (American International Group, 2011, p.8). So it can be said that the company is applying the right strategy i.e. they are providing customized and customer oriented services to their customers which in turn make a loyal base of customers for the company. It would be helpful for the company to retain the market share in time of financial downturn. Segmentation strategy is one of the important strategies that should be addressed by the company management properly. American International Group is a large group constitute of many companies. Every company is providing different type of services and their target market is

HW12 Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HW12 - Math Problem Example Prepare the journal entry to record the allocation of net income. (List multiple debit/credit entries in descending order of amount.) Assume the partnership income-sharing agreement calls for income to be divided with a salary of $30,000 to Guillen and $25,000 to Williams, with the remainder divided 45% to Guillen and 55% to Williams. Prepare the journal entry to record the allocation of net income. (List multiple debit/credit entries in descending order of amount.) Assume the partnership income-sharing agreement calls for income to be divided with a salary of $40,000 to Guillen and $35,000 to Williams, interest of 10% on beginning capital, and the remainder divided 50%-50%. Prepare the journal entry to record the allocation of net income. (List multiple debit/credit entries in descending order of amount.) The Best Company at December 31 has cash $20,000, noncash assets $100,000, liabilities $55,000, and the following capital balances: Rodriguez $45,000 and Escobedo $20,000. The firm is liquidated, and $110,000 in cash is received for the noncash assets. Rodriguez and Escobedo income ratios are 60% and 40%, respectively. The Best Company at December 31 has cash $20,000, noncash assets $100,000, liabilities $55,000, and the following capital balances: Rodriguez $45,000 and E

How Has Information Bout Neptune Been Gatheres Essay Example for Free

How Has Information Bout Neptune Been Gatheres Essay How has information about Neptune been gathered? When Neptune was first seen by Galileo Galilei it was thought to be just a star. Neptune was first observed by Johann Galle and Heinrich D’Arrest on the 23rd of September inn 1846. On August 25 1989 the Voyager 2 flew by the planet and it got thousands of pictures which gave us most of the information we have about Neptune today. The thousands of pictures that the Voyager 2 took were pictures of Neptune’s moons and rings. This flyby by the Voyager 2 gave us most of the information we have about Neptune today. The Voyager is the only spacecraft which has flown by Neptune and has gotten information. In 1998 scientists used telescopes on earth as well as telescopes in space to see Neptune’s ring arcs (the ring arcs are the rings of Neptune but at this point they were thought to be sort of like half rings around Neptune. The rings appeared to be a half shaped because of Neptune’s moons) as well as its rings. Neptune has been studied from the ground but it is a very challenging task due to the fact that the planet is a small disk shaped object and also because Neptune’s images are very blurred because of the distance between Earth and Neptune, Earth’s atmosphere also causes the images to be blurred. The Hubble spacecraft has also been used to find information about the planet Neptune. The Hubble spacecraft is a device which has been sent into space by NASA. Neptune’s position in our solar system Neptune is the 8th planet from our sun and the 5th farthest planet from our Earth. It is also the last gas planet in our solar system. The distance between our sun and Neptune is 30.06 AU (astronomical units).Neptune’s distance from our earth is 29.06 AU (astronomical units). Neptune’s orbit around the Sun Neptune revolves/orbits around the Sun once every 164.79 Earth years or once every 60.190 Earth days. Neptune travels at an average speed of 12,253 miles/hour or 19,720 km per hour in its orbit around the sun.

Reflection coaching

Reflection coaching Reflection is defined by Stenhouse 1975 p144 as ‘a capacity for autonomous professional self-development through systematic self-study. Discuss how a coach utilises reflective practise to enhance their coaching performance Reflection is used to improve coaching performance through a variety of ways. Kidman (2001: 50) describes reflection as â€Å"a particularly significant part of empowerment whereby coaches themselves take ownership of their learning and decision making†. The coach is therefore very active in gaining information which could be beneficial to them. Dewey (1919: 3) describes reflection as â€Å"turning a subject over in the mind and giving it a serious and consecutive consideration†. By analysing information repeatedly and seriously, in depth knowledge is gained from it. *(DANS)*Pollard (2002) believes that â€Å"‘Reflective teaching is applied in cyclical or spiralling process, in which teachers monitor, evaluate and revise their own practice continually.† By being dedicated in analysing oneself, analysing others is possible. A slightly different concept of reflection is introduced by Schon. The notion of, ‘reflection in action. Schon (1983; 50) â€Å"Athletes think about what they are doing, sometimes even while doing it†. Expanding on this Schon highlights phrases like, ‘Keep your wits about you and ‘thinking on your feet. Schons belief here is in game reflection is natural and beneficial. Gilbert and Trudel (2001) believe Schons idea as a â€Å"separate type of reflection†. They also offer a different type of reflection which they call â€Å"retrospective reflection-on-action† which is further described as â€Å"that which occurs outside the action-present†. Their belief is that coaches reflect on concerns in between practise sessions and that reflection â€Å"still occurs within the action-present, but not in the midst of activity†. So they firmly believe that reflection-on-action is totally different to reflection-in-action. Gilbert and Trudel (2001) consider reflection to utilise â€Å"a conceptual framework to understand how coaches draw on experience when learning to coach† Ghaye and Lillyman (2000) bring forward the idea that the core of reflection is carried out in a series of ‘frames. Role framing was the coaches role executed correct? Value framing examining if there was value-positions present? Temporal framing was the order of actions correct? Parallel process framing could the end result varied? Problem framing were problems noticed effectively? These frames provide a practical way of analysing sport practises. Reflective practise can provide an efficient apparatus for monitoring and assessment of athletes. Dewey (1916) who is considered heavily to be the ‘founder of reflection, gives three attributes which are needed in order to participate in reflective practise. Open-mindedness, described as â€Å"an active desire to listen to more sides than one, to give heed to facts from whatever source they come and to give full attention to alternative possibilities†. Whole-heartedness, which is being â€Å"absorbed in an interest†. Responsibility is also needed as consequences are accepted therefore â€Å"securing integrity in ones beliefs†. Deweys beliefs have stood strong for eighty years and still provide modern coaches with a basic outlook on what is needed to be an effective reflective coach. Methods of using reflective practise There are a few ways in which reflective practise is put into action. By using a variety of methods coaches can expand from the basics and look more in detail depending on the type of information that is required. Video analysis is one method used in order to aid reflective practise. A coach can record a session and therefore have exact details of what actions are taken. This allows for precise analysis in which athletes can also see themselves and what they could improve on. McKernan was a firm believer in video recording to aid coaching: ‘†¦might use a video recorder to trap teaching performance as evidence or ‘data to be analysed. More importantly, such a film becomes a critical documentary for reflecting on practice†¦research can be undertaken by reactive methods such as observers, questionnaires, interviews, dialogue journals or through such non-reactive techniques as case studies, field notes, logs, diaries anecdotal records, document analysis, shadow studies. McKernan (1996)(DANS) Using other coaches is one way reflective practise can be more reliable and efficient. Analysis speed is increased as more coaches can observe and acknowledge similar issues that arise and whilst opinions may be divided, an overview of general problems can be addressed more easily. This view is backed up by Gould, Giannani, Krane, Hodge (1990) â€Å"development of craft knowledge which can be fostered through the realms of practical experience and interaction with other coaches.† Using a cognitive based style, reflection can take place through demonstration. Coaches need to reflect on how demonstrations of skills are executed and the coach must ensure that when a learner is receiving a demonstration that it is of adequate quality for the athlete to learn and progress using reflection. Demonstrations Coaching points and ‘logs are a very basic and fundamental way of reflecting on a performer. By making key observations during a practise and after, a coach can identify the problem areas. The more experienced the coach the more this basic method is effective and less need for the more advanced methods. This kind of feedback is usually Benefits to using reflective practise â€Å"by reflecting on practise a coach may expose his or her perceptions and beliefs to evaluation, creating a heightened sense of self awareness, which in turn my lead to a certain openness to new ideas† (Hellison and Templin 1991: 9) Reflective practise can increase ability in perception and creativity. This is due to the self improvement the coach must make themselves but are rewarded through these attributes. These attributes could then be passed onto the learner and thus bridging a gap between coach and learner.(BOOK) (PDF)Anderson, Knowles and Gilbourne (2004) state that â€Å"reflective practice is the latest topical strategic method that could help sports coaches explore their decisions and experiences, aiding them to make sense of the situation and directly influence the learning process.† This is clear that reflective practise can be used in order to help sports coaches. It is also considered one of the more modern uses of coaching in order to achieve higher ability in a more demanding results driven environment. â€Å"Indeed, to maximise learning, critical reflection is the core difference between whether an individual repeats the same experience time and time again or learns from the experience in such a way that the individual is cognitively or affectively changed† (Boyde and Fales, 1983).(PDF) By using reflective practise Boyde and Fales suggest that there is a high chance of learning and developing skills rather than just repeating an experience with no eventual gain. They believe reflection is essential to this as without it there would be no way an individual would know if improvement took place or not. â€Å"if a coach takes the opportunity to understand the consequences, both positive and negative, of the decisions made during a training session, they are better able to rationalise their decisions when under pressure† (Kidman, 2001).(PDF) Kidman here links this in with Schons ‘refelction in action. This is necessary in high tempo environments and is vital in gaining a better decision making process. Whilst reflection is important before and during training or match environments, only ‘reflection in action can gain quick and often needed information to make decisions. â€Å"reflection is thought to have a potent role in helping to bridge the gap between education and knowledge that is generated through practice† (Ghaye Ghaye, 1998).(PDF) Making coaches acknowledge their achievements is possible via reflection as it is a conscious and active way of fortifying the positives and negatives of individual and group practise. Difficulties in using reflective practise Whilst there is lots of evidence to strengthen the idea that reflective coaching is a useful practise, there are certainly problems that need addressing and limitations which clearly show it is not a full proof method even when applied properly. Crum (1995) â€Å"If a practitioner holds a ‘training-of-the-physical view of coaching and believes his or her role is only to improve fitness and adopt a technical/utilitarian approach, then becoming a coach who reflects in depth is not going to be paramount†. Whilst reflective practise does have its place, it would seem that it is limited. Some areas such as social negotiation and mentality may be difficult to improve through reflection practise but in many environments that reflective practise is used these are vital skills. Playing in high tempo and contact sports require both of these skills in abundance and gaining it through the individual is the most logical approach but if reflective practise is used then the coach is providing the information and techniques which arent transferable to individuals in these areas. â€Å"As many coaches will testify, written reflection, usually in the form of ‘logs, are frequently sanitised to deliver what is deemed as being necessary knowledge, thus being corralled into conformity (Chesterfield, Jones, Mitchell, 2007), possibly stifling coach creativity.†(PDF) Whilst Hellison and Templin believe in reflection in opening creativity, the basic form of a ‘log could be evidence that reflection does hinder creativity. Conformity is compliance with what already exists, if coaches comply to current practises such as ‘logs then there is no space for new practises to be introduced and composed. (PDF)Johns (1995) argued that â€Å"reflective practice is profoundly difficult, and it is therefore necessary to have a detailed model that guides and supports coaches.† Reflection does require many skills and outside opinions to be useful. There is a certain amount of complexity that comes with reflecting before, during and after sessions. Gibbs six-staged cyclical model for example is a complex calculated formula designed to give detailed analysis and evaluation. Whilst this could be beneficial it is only useful to coaches with prior experience or high ability levels. So as a general overall practise reflection can be difficult. â€Å"Trust is a vital part of a reflective conversation and, according to Maister, Green, Galford (2002), trust is a two-way relationship where people can be honest and respect each others openness. Without a real trusting relationship with significant others (e.g. a tutor, mentor, supervisor, coach) personal reflections may stay ‘safe and predictable and the real issues may go unresolved.†(PDF) Social dynamic in any relationship is extremely important. The relationship between coach and athlete is as open to flux as every other relationship. Trust is vitally important and is open to change to high and low levels. If trust is broken then coach performance or athlete obedience could drop. Reflection here is then a problem if not enough trust is spread and responsibility fall onto other people to provide strength in connecting and creativity in avoiding playing the ‘safe option which could potentially break trust. Conclusion To conclude, I believe that reflection is a very useful practise for coaches to undertake in developing athletes. Reflection can take place before, during and after which makes it very flexible and adaptable to a variety of environments. The coach does however need a certain level of ability in order to reflect appropriately and constructively. Detail is paramount and a coach analysing a level too high above them will struggle using reflection. I personally believe that the best method of reflection is video analysis. I think this because it gives an exact recollection of technical display and thanks to modern technology is available at a wide range of levels. It is, however, important that a coach doesnt rely on one method such as video analysis. During a competition or quick based environment it may not be possible to use this method and therefore a variety of reflective methods should be learnt and applied by coaches. This will make them more rounded and adaptable to their environment. One thing that I found intriguing was the amount of reflection that the coach must put on themselves. This ‘self reflection is vital as if this isnt carried out coaches methods may stagnate or accurate analysis and therefore feedback for the athlete cannot be attained thus making the practise useless. coach needs adaptable refelective ability, depending on the athletes, age, gender, ability etc†¦.. To sum up †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.states and defines refelction very clearly â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†